Posted: March 25th, 2021

Assignment 1: Case Study Assignment: Assessment Tools and Dia

Assignment 1: Case Study Assignment: Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests in Adults and Children
When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.
Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults,body estimations can give an overall image of whether a kid is accepting sufficient sustenance or is in danger for medical problems. These information, nonetheless, are only one viewpoint to be thought of. Way of life, family ancestry, and culture—among different elements—are likewise significant. All things considered, assembling and conveying this data can be a fragile cycle. body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

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For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. You will also consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.
To Prepare
• Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
• By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
• Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
• Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
• If you are assigned Assignment Option 2 (Child), consider what health issues and risks may be relevant to the child in the health example.
o Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
o Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.

The Assignment
Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):
Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:
• A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
o What is its purpose?
o How is it conducted?
o What information does it gather?
• Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

Week 3- Choose from the assessment / diagnostic tool that goes with the scenario
Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests
• Mammogram
Scenario
• 75-year-old non-English speaking female recently diagnosed with breast cancer

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Sample Essay Question Answer

Mammogram

Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Professor’s Name
Date

Mammogram
Introduction
A mammogram is a diagnostic tool that physicians use to diagnose breast changes. Some of the breast changes that may indicate the presence of cancer or other benign conditions include a lump, change in size, pain, or nipple discharge. The test involves X-ray scanning for breast cancer by identifying potentially cancerous cells. A mammogram is crucial in helping the healthcare workers to gain a better insight into the health problem facing the patient. The test is crucial for detecting the small lumps of cells that cannot be detected by hand examination (Lo et al., 2017). Healthcare workers use screening mammograms for routine checkups among asymptomatic patients and diagnostic mammograms for screening purposes. Accurate and reliable results are crucial in the testing process for breast cancer. Validity and reliability of the tool are crucial in boosting the confidence of the 75-year-old non-English speaking female and confirming the current status of her breasts. The purpose of the essay is to examine the mammogram, its purpose, the process of conducting the test, the information it gathers, and the tool’s validity, reliability, sensitivity, and predictive values.
Description of the Diagnostic Test
A mammogram is a diagnostic tool that is used in healthcare practice to diagnose unusual breast changes such as lump, change in size, pain, or nipple discharge. The test involves X-ray scanning for breast cancer. The tool helps identify potentially cancerous cells (Lo et al., 2017). A mammogram is an essential test to examine the 75-year-old female in identify the presence of tumors or cancerous cells. The test is crucial for detecting the small lumps or cells that cannot be detected by hand examination. A mammogram is crucial in helping the healthcare workers to gain a better insight into the health problem facing the patient (Shen et al., 2019). The 75-year-old woman is at a risk of cancer since women at her age are more vulnerable to cancer. A routine checkup using the mammogram is crucial in analyzing the current condition and checking the presence of cancerous cells (Shen et al., 2019). Patients can use the screening tool after they develop a fear of symptoms or to confirm the condition of lumps.
Healthcare workers use screening mammograms for routine checkups among asymptomatic patients and diagnostic mammograms for screening purposes. Initially, women use the screening mammogram. A healthcare worker will recommend for further checkup using the diagnostic mammogram depending on the information from the screening test (Autier & Boniol, 2018). Mammograms are recommended for women above 40 years, although physicians can recommend screening tests at an earlier age (Autier & Boniol, 2018). Patients can begin early diagnosis even at 20 years to ensure the detection and treatment of cancerous cells.
The mammogram is crucial for the 75-year-old non-English speaking female who was recently diagnosed with cancer. The tool will gather information about the condition of the breasts (Tsuruda et al., 2018). For example, it will gather information about lumps, and nipple discharge. The tool is effective for the patient since she is above 40 years. Studies show that women below 30 years have dense breast tissue that makes it ineffective to use the diagnostic tool (Tsuruda et al., 2018). Women above 40 years should take the tests with an interval of one to two years. The tool helps collect information about benign breast conditions and abnormal breast lumps.
Validity, Reliability, Sensitivity, and Predictive Values
Accurate and reliable results are crucial in the testing process for breast cancer. A mammogram is reliable in identifying abnormal growth in the breast among 87 percent of the women who take the tests (Mohamed et al., 2019). Statistics indicate that the tool has a specificity of 92 percent, sensitivity of 88 percent, and an error rate of 6 percent. The tool is 83 percent accurate among women above 50 years (Mohamed et al., 2019). The predictive values of mammogram range between 20 percent among women below 50 years. The predictive values range from 60 to 80 percent among women above 50 years and below 65 (Mohamed et al., 2019). The values can vary among women based on age and other health factors. Healthcare workers should maintain high values of validity, reliability, sensitivity, and predictive values to avoid misdiagnosing patients with breast cancer (Shen et al., 2019). Women are encouraged to take the tests annually or every two years or after realizing abnormal growth or lump. Routine tests are important in identifying the real causes of the changes in the breast (Shen et al., 2019). Validity and reliability of the tool are crucial in boosting the confidence of the 75-year-old non-English speaking female and confirming the current status of her breasts.
Conclusion
The 75-year-old non-English speaking female requires a tool that will provide information about the condition of their breasts. A mammogram is a diagnostic tool that provides information about lumps or benign conditions of the breast. The examination helps physicians to analyze the condition and request for further diagnostic testing. Women should take mammogram tests every one or two years to confirm the presence of their breasts. Statistics indicate that the tool has a specificity of 92 percent, sensitivity of 88 percent, and an error rate of 6 percent. The tool is 83 percent accurate among women above 50 years. The data shows the tool generates accurate information that the 75-year-old non-English speaking female can rely on to know her health condition.

References
Autier, P., & Boniol, M. (2018). Mammography screening: a major issue in medicine. European Journal of Cancer, 90, 34-62.
Lo, G., Scaranelo, A. M., Aboras, H., Ghai, S., Kulkarni, S., Fleming, R., … & Crystal, P. (2017). Evaluation of the utility of screening mammography for high-risk women undergoing screening breast MR imaging. Radiology, 285(1), 36-43.
Mohamed, N. C., Moey, S. F., & Lim, B. C. (2019). Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Model Questionnaire for Promoting Breast Self-Examination and Screening Mammogram for Early Cancer Detection. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 20(9), 2865.
Shen, L., Margolies, L. R., Rothstein, J. H., Fluder, E., McBride, R., & Sieh, W. (2019). Deep learning to improve breast cancer detection on screening mammography. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-12.
Tsuruda, K. M., Sagstad, S., Sebuødegård, S., & Hofvind, S. (2018). Validity and reliability of self-reported health indicators among women attending organized mammographic screening. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 46(7), 744-751.